研究NOTE | Bruce Nauman 布鲁斯·瑙曼：消失的艺术

✎✎✎

策展人研究笔记

36

布鲁斯·瑙曼Bruce Nauman

photo credit to New York Times and the artist

01

艺术家 | About the Artist

▼

布鲁斯·瑙曼（Bruce Nauman, b.1941, Indiana）是公认的这个时代最重要、最具影响力的艺术家，在其超过五十年的艺术生涯中，不断探开拓着艺术的可能性与边界，创作实践广泛跨越各式媒介，包括雕塑、摄影、绘画、电影、录像、表演、装置艺术等多种形式。 

1966年，刚取得艺术硕士学位的24岁瑙曼，转向探寻作为一名艺术家的本质。瑙曼认为：“如果我是一名艺术家待在工作室里，那么我在工作室里产出的一切都将是艺术。从此以后，艺术成为一项行动，而不只限于一个产品。” 第一个签约瑙曼的画廊主Leo Castelli更在1968年给了他录像设备，推动了瑙曼成为探索这项新媒介的先驱艺术家。在早期视频画面中瑙曼挑战身体极限的动作，也由此树立了独特的艺术语言，在往后作品中也经常的地涉及到身体政治及其知觉。 

自60年代从绘画和雕塑，转而对录像甚至是声音装置进行实验以来，瑙曼的后极简主义和观念作品形式难以被分类，正因为他感兴趣的是艺术可以是什么，而不是什么是艺术。但能一窥到贯穿其作品的主题和思想：从尝试身体的极限到孤独的体验，从心理学到亵渎信仰，从自我暴力与羞辱到政治折磨与统治，在不停挑战艺术和观众之间的关系，探索艺术在空间中的生成互动，瑙曼一直尝试捕捉人类与周遭世界变幻无穷的关系，与深层原始的欲望情感。

艺术家简历 | CV

⬆️ 向上翻动查看 ⬆️

‍布鲁斯·瑙曼 | Bruce Nauman‍

b.1941, lives and works in Mexico

Education

1964 B.S. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
1966 M.F.A. University of California, Davis, California
1966-68 Taught at San Francisco Art Institute, San Francisco, California 1970 Taught at University of California, Irvine, California

Selected Solo Exhibitions

1966 Master of Arts degree exhibition, University of California, Davis, CA, Spring Nicholas Wilder Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, 10 May – 2 June
1968 “Bruce Nauman,” Leo Castelli Gallery, 4 East 77th Street, New York, 27 January – 17 February (catalogue)Sacramento State College Art Gallery, Sacramento, CA, April“6 Day Week: 6 Sound Problems,” Galerie Konrad Fischer, Düsseldorf, 10 July – 8 August
1969 Nicholas Wilder Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, 28 January – 15 February“Bruce Nauman: Holograms, Videotapes, and Other Works,” Leo Castelli, 4 East 77th Street, New York, 24 May – 14 JuneGalerie Ileana Sonnabend, Paris, France, opened 2 December“Bruce Nauman: Photographs,” School of Visual Arts, New York, 9 – 19 December
2002  “Bruce Nauman, Mapping the Studio I (Fat Chance John Cage),” DIA Center for the Arts, New York, 9 January – 27 July
                       2007-08 A Rose Has No Teeth: Bruce Nauman in the 1960s, University of California, Berkeley Art Museum & Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, CA (travelling)
2009 Bruce Nauman: Topological Gardens, United States Exhibition of the 53rd Venice Biennale, United States Pavilion at the Giardini della Biennale, Venice, Italy (travelling)
2010 Bruce Nauman: Dream Passage, Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin, GermanyBruce Nauman: Days, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NYBruce Nauman: For Children/For Beginners, Sperone Westwater, New York
2013 Bruce Nauman: Some Illusions – Drawings and Videos, Sperone Westwater, New York
2015 Bruce Nauman, Fondation Cartier pour l’art contemporain, ParisBruce Nauman, Friedrich Kiesler Stiftung, Vienna
2016-17 “Bruce Nauman: Contrapposto Studies, I through VII,” Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, 
2017-18 “ARTIST ROOMS: Bruce Nauman,” Tate Modern, London
2108-19 “Bruce Nauman: Blue and Yellow Corridor,” Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art at UC Davis, Davis, CA
2108-19 “Bruce Nauman: Disappearing Acts,” Schaulager, Basel; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; MoMA PS1, New York,
2019 “Bruce Nauman: Rooms, Bodies, Words,” Museo Picasso Málaga, Malaga, Spain, 18 June – 1 September (catalogue) 
2020 “Bruce Nauman: Models,” curated by Dieter Schwarz, Skulpturenhalle, Neuss, Germany, 4 September – 13 December (catalogue) “Bruce Nauman,” Sperone Westwtaer, New York, 9 September – 14 November 
2020-22 “Bruce Nauman,” Tate Modern, London, 7 October 2020 – 21 February 2021; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 27 March – 15 August 2021; HangarBicocca, Milan, 5 October 2021 – 20 February 2022 (catalogue)

 Selected Group Exhibitions

1966  “New Directions,” San Francisco Museum of Art, San Francisco, CA, 9 September – 9 October (catalogue)
“The Slant Step Show,” Berkeley Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 9 – 17 September
“Eccentric Abstraction,” Fischbach Gallery, New York, 20 September – 8 October (catalogue) “William Geis and Bruce Nauman,” San Francisco Art Institute, San Francisco, CA, 26 September
– 22 October (catalogue)
“1st Annual Arp to Artschwager Show,” Noah Goldowsky Gallery, New York
1967  “American Sculpture of the Sixties,” Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA, 28 April – 25 June; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA, 15 September – 29 October (catalogue) “2nd Annual Arp to Artschwager Show,” Noah Goldowsky Gallery, New York, 30 June – 5 September1968  “The West Coast Now: Current Work from the Western Seaboard,” Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR, 9 February – 6 March (catalogue)“Three Young Americans: Krueger, Nauman, Saret,” Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 17 April – 12 May (catalogue)“Documenta 4,” Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, West Germany, 27 June – 6 October (catalogue) “Primary Structure, Minimal Art, Pop Art, Antiform,” Galerie Ricke, Kassel, West Germany, July– August “Prospect 68: International Vorschau auf die Kunst in den Galerien der Avantgarde,” Städtische Kunsthalle, Düsseldorf, West Germany, 20 – 29 September (catalogue)“Anti-Form,” John Gibson Gallery, New York, 5 October – 7 November
“9 at Leo Castelli,” Leo Castelli Gallery, W. 108th Street Warehouse, New York, 4 – 28 December
2014-15 “Inside,” Palais de Tokyo, Paris, 20 October 2014 – 11 January 2015“Roll Up, Roll Up! An Anatomical Waxwork Cabinet Meets Art,” Deutsches Hygiene-Museum, Dresden, 11 October 2014 – 19 April 2015 (catalogue)
2015 “Signs/Words,” Sperone Westwater, New York, 15 January – 11 April (catalogue) “SELF: Portraits of Artists in Their Absence,” National Academy Museum, New York, 29 January – 3 May“Embracing Modernism: Ten Years of Drawings Acquisitions,” The Morgan Library and Museum, New York, 13 February – 24 May“Damien Hirst and Bruce Nauman in the Froehlich Collection,” Stiftung Froehlich, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, opened 9 March“L’oeil et l’Esprit: Point of View on the Collection,” Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal, Montreal, 3 April – 15 October“Accelerazione,” Herbert Foundation, Ghent, 26 April – 15 November
“America is Hard to See,” Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, 1 May – 27 September “Occupational Therapy,” Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, St. Louis, 1 May – 16 August “Drawing in Silver and Gold: Leonardo to Jasper Johns,” National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 3 May – 26 July; British Museum, London, 10 September – 6 December“Walking Sculpture 1967–2015,” deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA, 9 May – 12 September (catalogue)“Double Eye Poke: Lynda Benglis, Dan Flavin, Sol LeWitt, Bruce Nauman,” Kamel Mennour,Paris, 27 May – 25 July
“Notations: Minimalism in Motion,” Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, 6 May – 1 November2015-16 “Open This End: Contemporary Art from the Blake Byrne Collection,” Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University, Durham, 19 February – 12 July 2015; Ohio State University Urban Arts Space, Columbus, 25 August – 7 November 2015; Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery at Columbia University, New York, 20 January – 12 March 2016; Ronna and Eric Hoffman Gallery of Contemporary Art at Lewis & Clark College, 8 September – 11 December 2016 “Future Present – Emanuel Hoffmann Foundation: Contemporary Art from Classic Modernism to the Present Day,” Schaulager, Basel, 13 June 2015 – 31 January 2016 (catalogue)“Strange Pilgrims,” The Contemporary Austin, Austin, TX, 27 September 2015 – 24 January 2016 (catalogue)“Fear Nothing, She Says,” Museo Nacional de Escultura, Valladolid, Spain, 17 November 2015 – 28 February 2016 (catalogue)
2019 “Polke | Nauman: Drawings from the Froehlich Collection,” Eykyn Maclean, New York, 2 May – 14 June (catalogue)2019-20 “Rodin / Nauman,” Saarlandmuseum – Moderne Galerie, Saarbrücken, Germany, 21 September 2019 – 26 January 2020 (catalogue) “Artists Respond: American Art and the Vietnam War, 1965-1975,” Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, 29 September 2019 – 5 January 2020“Objects of Wonder - from Pedestal to Interaction,” ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Aarhus, Denmark, 12 October 2019 – 1 March 2020“How We Live: Selections from the Marc and Livia Straus Family Collection,” Hudson Valley MOCA, Peeksill, NY, 12 October 2019 – 19 July 2020 (catalogue)“Icons: Worship and Adoration,” Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen, 19 October 2019 – 1 March 2020 (catalogue)
2020 “Glass and Concrete: Manifestations of the Impossible,” Marta Herford Museum, Herford, Germany, 29 February – 4 October (catalogue)“The Invisible Show,” Culturgest, Lisbon, 4 April – 19 July 2020

02

作品 | About Artworks

▼

「

用对立式平衡行走 

Contrapposto Studies

」

Walking in an Exaggerated Manner Around the Perimeter of a Square, 1967-68

1968年的一组记录运动的录影带是瑙曼对身体和情感的内观与探索。对立式平衡（Contrapposto）是古罗马雕塑风格中的经典姿势，当重心倾侧在一条腿上时，肩膀和躯干偏离中轴，体现出一种自然的动态。相较于他早期创作时期对达芬奇的黄金分割图的研究，瑙曼对contrapposto这一经典姿势进行了即兴创作和录制，旨在用移动的实践打破静态雕塑的局限。

Bouncing Two Balls Between the Floor and Ceiling with Changing Rhythms, 1967-1968

2016年的 《对立式平衡研究 | Contrapposto Studies (2015-16)》 是瑙曼与1968年创作的对话，他穿着肮脏的T恤和牛仔裤走过工作室，但他的形象如今在七个高置的投影上回荡，而不再是单一的定时相机刻画的固定画面，通过多渠道的投影使艺术家可以在熟悉的地面寻找自己曾经的足迹。年龄的痕迹也让2016年的作品更富有复杂性和情感深度，较重的躯干和摇摆不定的平衡上，仿佛都诉说着时间如何使身体变得虚弱。
Dance or Exercise on the Perimeter of a Square (Square Dance), 1967-1968

数字七对瑙曼有多重要，从早期的达·芬奇绘画到这幅七投影装置，“七”经常出现在他的作品中，这在许多方面都与人类的脆弱性和身体有关。人体七分的比例是文艺复兴时期对人类形态的理想化，而瑙曼一直在破坏这种完美和英雄主义。

Contrapposto Studies, 2015-2016

「

绚丽的霓虹语言 

Neon 

」

Human Nature/ Life Death/ Knows Doesn't Know, 1983

语言和文字一直吸引这瑙曼，这体现在他运用一系列媒介创作文字符号中, 例如他闪烁的霓虹灯作品以及绘画和版画中的文字游戏等等。对瑙曼来说，语言也是一种原材料，和其它物质材料没有分别。当他把词汇和句子从文本中提取出来，将句子解剖成碎片, 再将不同词汇重新进行排列组合时, 这些词汇和句子就失去了它们明确的意义。

瑙曼曾经这样形容自己早期的霓虹作品，“我想到自己可以创作似乎会消失的艺术，一种需要看起来不像艺术的艺术。（I had an idea that I could make art that would kind of disappear - an art that was supposed to not quite look like art.）”  在1980-90s年代，霓虹灯管还不被视为艺术创作的常规材料，而更多地是与广告、贸易，转瞬即逝的享乐联系在一起 —— 一个被瑙曼用来与政治和社会批判内容并列的语义场。

Run from Fear, Fun from Bear, 1972 

在《生死百态| One Hundred Live and Die》这件作品中，一百句水平排列的句子像机场航站楼的指示牌一样不断重复着亮了又灭的过程，“活着，死去；活着，活着；唱着，死去；唱着，活着…（Live and die, live and live, sing and die, sing and live…）” 这些句子不断地重复着，希望与绝望在霓虹灯的光线下显得势均力敌，照亮了展厅的空间。

One Hundred Live and Die, 1984

03

展览 | Exhibitions Review

▼

Bruce Nauman: Disappearing Acts

Museum of Modern Art, New York; MoMA PS1  21 October 2018 – 18 February 2019 

Installation view of the exhibition "Bruce Nauman: Disappearing ActsOctober 21, 2018 - February 25, 2019. IN2407.57. Photograph by Martin Seck."

Installation view of the exhibition "Bruce Nauman: Disappearing ActsOctober 21, 2018 - February 25, 2019. IN2407.57. Photograph by Martin Seck."

纽约现代美术馆（MoMA）与PS1当代艺术中心在2018年所展出的“布鲁斯·瑙曼：消失的行为”（Bruce Nauman: Disappearing Acts）回顾展，是当时76岁的瑙曼，在其生长地美国睽违25年的大型回顾展。Still from “Contrapposto studies, i through vii (detail)” 2015/16. Seven channel video. Jointly owned by The Museum of Modern Art New York ©2018 Bruce Nauman/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

展览名称 “消失的行为” (Disappearing Acts) 是来自布鲁斯·诺曼关于 “将退出消失作为一种艺术形式 (Withdrawal as an art form) ” 的思考。策展人Kathy Halbreich在策展论述里所言：“消失作为一种动作、概念、感知探索、魔术技法，甚至是作为隐喻，一直以来都是瑙曼作品的前提；它同时也是艺术家探索物质世界与跨越创作焦虑时的实际现象。”
Installation view of the exhibition "Bruce Nauman: Disappearing ActsOctober 21, 2018 - February 25, 2019. IN2407.57. Photograph by Martin Seck."
展览现场多达165件作品，MoMA本馆可见瑙曼大型雕塑与装置作品，而原本作为小学校舍的PS1，则运用现场特殊的连续展间，以编年的方式，让观众全景式地纵览瑙曼的创作生涯——不论是以不同媒材重复探讨的主题，包含监视、身体与空间的关系等，以及贯穿诸多作品间的幽默感，或是对各时期政治社会现象提出的反问，对艺术创作、资本社会的批判。

Installation view of the exhibition "Bruce Nauman: Disappearing ActsOctober 21, 2018 - February 25, 2019. IN2407.88. Photograph by Martin Seck."

▼

Bruce Nauman 

Tate Modern, London, 7 October 2020 – 21 February 2021 

Installation view of Bruce Nauman at Tate Modern featuring Falls, Pratfalls and Sleights of Hand (Clean Version) 1992. Photograph by Tate Photography (Matt Greenwood). Artwork (c) Bruce Nauman / ARS, NY and DACS, London 2020
在暌违20年后，在2020年10月瑙曼登陆了伦敦的Tate Modern举行大型回顾展。现场40多件作品，深入探讨瑙曼长达50年的艺术生涯。事实上，Tate Modern这次采用了极为沉浸式的模式布展，观众不用进到主展览前，就已经能感受到艺术家的强烈存在感。

Installation view of Bruce Nauman at Tate Modern featuring Black Marble Under Yellow Light 1987. Photograph by Tate Photography (Matt Greenwood). Artwork (c) Bruce Nauman / ARS, NY and DACS, London 2020

Tate每年Turbine Hall的艺术委托，也曾在2004年时找上瑙曼创作《Raw Materials（原材料）》。这次在美术馆里重现了这部作品，瑙曼以声音填充了整个Turbine Hall，如影随形的声响跟随观众上下台阶。Bruce Nauman at Tate Modern, 2004. As reproduced in Bruce Nauman: The True Artist

来到美术馆的咖啡厅里头，也将遇见瑙曼1985年的录像作品《Good Boy Bad Boy（好男孩，坏男孩）》。并列放置在基座上的两块屏幕与参观者的头部等高，两名专业演员——琼•兰卡斯特(Joan Lancaster)和塔克•斯莫尔伍德(Tucker Smallwood)——像新闻播报员一样在特写镜头中不时地重复着由瑙曼撰写的一百句话。

Bruce Nauman, Good Boy Bad Boy 1985, Video, 2 monitors, colour and audio (mono) , 60 min, 52sec, Tate: Purchased 1994 © ARS, NY and DACS, London 2020  

在展览入口处的七彩霓虹的作品《True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths （真正的艺术家通过揭露神秘的真相来帮助这个世界）》，仿佛瑙曼本人在向观众宣誓自己创作的真谛，又或是在提出对艺术家质疑？

Bruce Nauman, The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths (Window or Wall Sign)  1967, Neon tubing with clear glass tubing suspension frame 1499 x 1397 x 51 mm, Kunstmuseum Basel © Bruce Nauman / ARS, NY and DACS, London 2020, Courtesy Sperone Westwater, New York 

现场展出作品并没有按照创作时间顺序，观众能自由穿梭多个大型的沉浸式装置，也能看出瑙曼对于“艺术家工作室”，一个艺术史近乎神化的抽象空间概念，彻底翻出来重新审视。可以看到瑙曼拍摄的自己工作室的视频，从早到晚拍摄工作室的每个角度，坐在黑暗里，置身在展厅中，彷佛我们就是他，沉浸在他创作的环境中。
Bruce Nauman, Anthro / Socio (Rinde Spinning) 1992 , Colour, sound, six video-disc, NTSC, loop, Dimensions variable © Hamburger Kunsthalle / bpk © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn, photo: Kay Riechers to: Christoph Irrgang © ARS, NY and DACS, London 2020 

04

频道 | Virtual Channel

▼

真正的艺术家帮助世界

Bruce Nauman ‘The True Artist Helps the World’, TateShots

✎✎✎

撰文 / Athena, Jessica

编排校稿 / Roxy